Nature For The Brain

If we told you there was a free cognitive enhancer that could improve attention, executive function and memory, you would have some doubts. But the answer might be as simple as stepping outside.

A systematic review published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (2022) took a deep dive into the connection between long-term exposure to greenspaces and cognitive function. The results were encouraging, but like most things in science, they come with caveats. (1 - link)

The researchers reviewed 25 studies. They examined how greenspace exposure affects cognitive function in three key demographics:

• Children (ages 4 - 18);

• Adults (ages 18 - 65);

• Elderly individuals (65+).

Their primary tool for measuring greenspace exposure was the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) - a satellite-based metric that quantifies vegetation density.

The cognitive outcomes analyzed fell into four categories:

1. Academic Achievement – standardized test scores and classroom performance;

2. Global Cognition – general mental performance;

3. Attention and Executive Function – the ability to focus, plan and make decisions;

4. Memory – retaining and recalling information.

Greenspace exposure was generally beneficial, especially for children. However, the evidence wasn’t universally strong, particularly for adults and older populations. 

Children

The data suggests that kids who grow up around more greenspace perform better in attention and executive function tasks; memory and academic achievement.

Adults and Elderly

For adults and the elderly, the data is inconsistent. Some studies showed cognitive benefits from greenspace exposure, while others found no significant correlation. This suggests that while nature might be helpful, it’s probably not a standalone magic pill.

There are a few solid theories for why greenspace exposure benefits cognition:

1. Stress Reduction – chronic stress floods the brain with cortisol, impairing memory and executive function. Nature exposure is linked to lower stress levels, which could mitigate this damage;

2. Physical Activity – people who live near parks tend to be more physically active; and exercise is one of the most effective cognitive enhancers available;

3. Environmental Factors – less pollution, lower noise levels and more fresh air could all contribute to better brain health.

What Does This Mean?

This study makes a strong case for getting children outside more often. Schools should consider designing curriculums that incorporate outdoor learning and urban planners should prioritize green spaces in city layouts.

For adults? While the data isn’t as clear-cut, there’s no downside to spending more time in nature.

And for older people? It’s possible that integrating nature with other brain-boosting strategies (like social engagement and exercise) could yield benefits.

Greenspace isn’t a substitute for foundational cognitive health principles. But as part of a larger strategy? It’s worth incorporating. 

This type of exposure can be one extra piece in the complex machine of cognitive optimization.

References

1 - Ricciardi E, Spano G, Lopez A, Tinella L, Clemente C, Elia G, Dadvand P, Sanesi G, Bosco A, Caffò AO. Long-Term Exposure to Greenspace and Cognitive Function during the Lifespan: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Sep 16;19(18):11700. doi: 10.3390/ijerph191811700. PMID: 36141977; PMCID: PMC9517665.

07/04/2025